Throughout this course, we will explore the impact of at least 10 discoveries, inventions and care innovations that changed medical education and medical practice. In so doing, these important landmarks have made care more standardized and consistent but, ironically, more expensive. These innovations range from the profound to the mundane, from Nobel prizes to proliferation of technology, from keen observation to the de-emphasis of the history and physical exam; but they have led to rapid discovery and rapid adoption of new therapies. The study leader will share several real cases that impacted his own professional experiences.